(A) Direct fusion. The viral nucleocapsids enter the cell by the fusion between viral envelope and plasma membrane. (B) Receptor-mediated endocytosis for enveloped viruses. The virus particle acts as a ligand for the endocytosis. The virus particle is located inside endosomes. The fusion takes place between the viral envelope and endosomal membrane. Note that actin cortex (a mechanical support of the plasma membrane), which serves a physical barrier for the entry, is bypassed through the endocytosis. (C) Receptor-mediated endocytosis for nonenveloped naked viruses. A component of viral nucleocapsid triggers the lysis of endosomal membrane necessary for the release of the viral genome to the cytoplasm.
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This pathway is the most commonly observed uptake pathway for viruses. The viruses are transported via the early endosome to the late endosome and eventually to the lysosome. Caveolin/lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis. The caveola pathway brings viruses to caveosomes. By the second vesicle transport step, viruses are transported to Golgi, and then to ER. Macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis is utilized for the entry of particles with larger size, such as vaccinia viruses and herpes viruses.
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Two distinct viruses are used to explain how the entry is linked to cytoplasmic trafficking: (A) adenovirus (naked) and (B) herpes virus (enveloped). Incoming viruses can enter cells by endocytosis (A) or direct fusion (B). Following penetration into cytoplasm, either endocytic vesicles or viral capsids exploit dynein motors to traffic toward the minus ends of microtubules. Either the endocytic vesicles (A) or the capsids (B) interact directly with the microtubules. The virus can also lyse the endocytic membrane, releasing the capsid into the cytosol (A). 2ff7e9595c
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